Science - Lesson #5: Organelle Wrap-Up

Science

Lesson #5:

Organelle Wrap-Up

Learning Intention:

Students will learn about the remaining organelles in the cell including the vacuole, cell wall and lysosomes.

Success Criteria:

I am successful when I can...

1) Loop back to past units in preparation for the regents.

2) Apply my knowledge of biology to new scenarios.

3) Analyze and Interpret multiple forms of media.

Agenda:

Part 1: Poll

Part 2: Modeling Activity

Part 3: Stop n' Jot

Reminders:

Tutoring Wednesdays in A-301 after school.

Quiz on chart is tomorrow

Part 1: Warm-Up

(5 min)

Part 2:

Applying Your Knowledge

(15 min)

Sickle Cell Disease is a genetic disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. In a healthy person, red blood cells are flexible and disc-shaped, allowing them to flow easily through tiny blood vessels to deliver oxygen to the body's tissues.

However, in individuals with Sickle Cell Disease, the red blood cells become stiff and shaped like a crescent moon (or "sickle"). These abnormal cells often clump together, blocking blood flow and causing severe pain, fatigue, and organ damage. Scientists have found that this disease is caused by a mutation that changes the structure of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein inside the cell. This mutation causes the hemoglobin molecules to change shape and stick together in long fibers, which forces the cell into the sickle shape. The mutation that causes the mis-shapen hemoglobin is caused by only one change in the amino acid sequence that makes the hemoglobin protein.

Diagram

Chart

1. Which statement best describes the chain of events that causes the misshapen hemoglobin proteins in Sickle Cell Disease?

(1) The immune system attacks the red blood cells, causing the hemoglobin to break down and change shape.

(2) A mutation in the DNA instructions leads to a change in the amino acid sequence, which alters the shape of the protein.

(3) The shape of the red blood cell changes first, which forces the hemoglobin proteins to mutate their DNA.

(4) The ribosome runs out of energy during protein synthesis, resulting in an incomplete and misshapen hemoglobin protein.

2.To treat Sickle Cell Disease, scientists are researching ways to correct the error in the genetic code. To fix this error permanently in a patient's cells, the treatment must target the instructions stored in which cellular structure?

(1) The Ribosome

(2) The Cell Membrane

(3) The Nucleus

(4) The Mitochondrion

3. Using the data from the "Oxygen Concentration" graph to the right, explain why an individual with Sickle Cell Anemia experiences fatigue (tiredness) even during periods of rest. Discuss processes that may be affected and which organelle is impacted.

Part 3:

Wrapping Up Organelles

(2 min)

Vacuoles are membrane-bound sacs used for storage inside cells. They can store water, nutrients, wastes, and other materials the cell may need later. Both plant and animal cells contain vacuoles, but their size and importance differ. In animal cells, vacuoles are usually small and temporary. In plant cells, there is often one very large central vacuole that can take up most of the cell’s volume.

The large central vacuole in plant cells plays a major role in maintaining internal pressure. When water enters the cell, it fills the vacuole and causes it to expand. This creates pressure inside the cell that pushes outward on the cell membrane. This pressure helps keep plant cells firm and supports the plant’s structure, allowing plants to stand upright without bones or muscles. Animal cells do not rely on vacuoles for structural support, so their vacuoles remain much smaller.

Lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes used to break down wastes, damaged cell parts, and large molecules. They are common in animal cells, where they help recycle materials and protect the cell from harmful substances. In plant cells, lysosomes are less common. Instead, the large central vacuole often takes on a similar role by breaking down wastes and storing harmful materials away from the rest of the cell.

The cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in plant cells but not in animal cells. It surrounds the cell membrane and provides structure and support. During periods of too much water, water enters the plant cell by osmosis, causing the vacuole to swell and increase internal pressure. The cell wall resists this pressure and prevents the cell from bursting. This creates turgor pressure, which keeps plant cells firm and helps plants remain upright. Animal cells lack a cell wall, which allows flexibility but makes them more vulnerable to bursting if too much water enters the cell.

Part 4: Stop n' Jot

(5 min)

Vacuole:
Stores water, nutrients, and wastes. In plant cells, the large central vacuole helps maintain internal pressure and supports the cell.

Lysosome:
Breaks down wastes, damaged cell parts, and large molecules using enzymes, helping recycle materials in the cell.

Cell Wall:
Provides rigid support and protection for plant cells. Prevents the cell from bursting when too much water enters and helps maintain shape.

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