Lesson #5:
Vaccine Types
Lesson #5:
Vaccine Types
Students will be able to model how antibodies protect us from disease after vaccination and compare the trade-offs for each vaccine.
I am successful when I can...
Identify how the immune system protects us from disease
Explain how the antibody-antigen reaction is specific
Differentiate how the different types of vaccines are created.
Compare the trade-offs for each type of vaccine.
1) Spot the Difference
2) Clay Model
3) TN'T x 3
4) Search & Unseen
5) Close-Out
Quiz on Thursday March 5th - Lessons 1-4
Parent Teacher Conferences March 18th and 19th - messages being sent home later today
Part 1
Spot the Difference
Warm-Up and Cat Nap
(8 min)
Directions:
In your medical journal:
1) Identify which student's response is more likely to get points on the regents.
2) Describe in detail why it is better
3) List all academic vocabulary words the student you chose used.
Many people become infected with the chicken pox virus during childhood. After recovering from chicken pox, these people are usually immune to the disease for the rest of their lives. However, they may still be infected by viruses that cause other diseases, such as measles.
Discuss the immune response to the chicken pox virus. In your answer, be sure to include:
The role of antigens in the immune response
The role of white blood cells in the body's response to the virus
An explanation of why recovery from an infection with the chicken pox virus will not protect a person from getting a different disease, such as measles
Antigens are molecules on the surface of the chicken pox virus that the immune system recognizes as foreign. They trigger the immune response.
White blood cells attack the virus and produce antibodies that bind to the virus’s antigens. Memory cells are also made so the body can respond quickly if the virus enters again.
Measles has different antigens than the chicken pox virus, so antibodies made for chicken pox cannot recognize, fight/bind to the measles virus.
When someone gets chicken pox, the immune system sees the antigens and starts fighting the virus. White blood cells make antibodies that try to stop the disease. After someone gets chicken pox once, their body usually remembers it so they don’t get it again. But people can still get measles because measles is different than chicken pox and is not the same thing, so the body doesn't know how to fight it.
Part 2
Whoopsie Daisy
The Cutter Incident
In the early 1950s, scientists developed one of the first vaccines to protect people from polio, a dangerous viral disease that could cause people to become paralyzed (History buffs know this caused FDR to lose his ability to walk).
The vaccine was designed so that the virus was inactivated, meaning it could not cause illness. However, in 1955 a manufacturing mistake, now known as the Cutter Incident, allowed some batches of the vaccine to contain live polio virus. As a result, about 200,000 people received doses that accidentally exposed them to the real virus, and many developed polio. This event helped scientists improve vaccine safety standards.
‼️Vaccines DO NOT contain a fully active pathogen, because if they did, people would simply become sick with the disease. ‼️
Today's Question: If we give people a live and fully intact pathogen, they get the disease. How might scientists design a vaccine that allows immune cells to recognize and memorize a pathogen's antigens without causing disease?
Part 3
Search & Unseen Cengage Reading
Vaccines and Public Health
Immunization means helping the body build immunity against a disease. In active immunization, a person is given a vaccine, which contains a harmless piece of a pathogen called an antigen. This causes the body to produce a primary immune response, just like it would during a real infection. Sometimes a second dose, called a booster, is given later. This causes a faster and stronger secondary immune response, giving better protection. Scientists use different technologies to safely change or copy parts of pathogens so vaccines can trigger immunity without causing the disease.
Discovery of Vaccines
The first vaccine was developed during deadly smallpox epidemics. Smallpox killed about one third of the people who caught it. Before the late 1800s, people did not know what caused infectious diseases, but they noticed that survivors of smallpox rarely got it again. To try to protect themselves, some people practiced variolation, which meant putting material from smallpox sores into their skin to cause a mild infection. This sometimes worked, but it was very dangerous and many people died.
By the 1700s, people noticed that milkmaids who had caught cowpox, a mild disease, usually did not get smallpox.
In 1796, British doctor Edward Jenner tested this idea by giving a boy material from a cowpox sore. Six weeks later, Jenner exposed the boy to smallpox, and the boy did not get sick. Even though this evidence showed the method worked, many people at first resisted using cowpox sores for protection. They did not understand how immunity worked and were afraid that putting material from a cow into the body was unsafe. Some people even believed it could cause strange side effects, like turning into cows. However, as more people were vaccinated and protected during smallpox outbreaks, and as studies confirmed Jenner’s results, the evidence clearly showed that cowpox vaccination was effective.
Today we understand why this worked. Cowpox and smallpox are caused by closely related viruses that have similar antigens, which are the surface markers the immune system recognizes. Because the antigens are so similar, the antibodies made during a cowpox infection could also recognize and fight smallpox. Since Jenner’s discovery, vaccines have been developed for many other diseases. Vaccines greatly reduce infections, suffering, and death. In many countries, childhood vaccination programs have nearly eliminated serious diseases such as measles.
Why was the practice of using cowpox sores for immunization against smallpox initially met with resistance, and what evidence eventually supported its effectiveness?
Based on the information about Edward Jenner's discovery, explain why antibodies produced during a cowpox infection protect against smallpox. How does this principle apply to the development of modern vaccines?
Part 4
Check
for
Understanding
(2 min)
The reason for the dramatic decline in the number of measles cases from the 1960s to 2010 in the United States was because the vaccine
a) contained pathogens to fight against this highly contagious virus
b) prevented the development of serious complications after infection
c) exposed many people to a weakened form of the measles virus, making them immune
d) contained an antibiotic that killed the measles virus, preventing its spread
Part 5
Turn n' Talk
Numero Uno
(2 min)
Question:
How might scientists design a vaccine that allows immune cells to recognize and memorize a pathogen's antigens without causing disease?
Part 4
Turn n' Talk
Numero Dos
(4 min)
How might scientists design a vaccine that allows immune cells to recognize and memorize a pathogen's antigens without causing disease?
Part 5
Turn n' Talk
Numero Tres + Mid-Point Check
(5 min)
Use the conjunctions because, but and so to answer the question:
How might scientists design a vaccine that allows immune cells to recognize and memorize a pathogen's antigens without causing disease?
Sentence Starters:
1)Vaccines work because the immune system recognizes specific antigens...
2) But scientists must make sure the vaccine does not ...
3) So immune cells can safely learn to recognize ...
Tier 2
Specific
Shape
Change
Bind
Dead
Weakened
Pieces
Defense
Tier 3
Vaccine
Antigen
Antibody
Lock & Key
Pathogen
Immune System
Because = Cause and Effect
But = Difference
So = Consequence
Part 6
Close-Out
Stop n Jot
Vaccine: Contains either a weakened, dead, pieces of a pathogen or instructions (mRNA) for making antigens using your own cells ribosomes.
When it is injected into your body, your body makes antibodies that have the correct shape for the pathogens antigen. These antibodies stay in your body, so if the real pathogen enters later, your immune system can fight it off quickly.
✴️A vaccine DOES NOT contain the pathogen- if it did you would get sick with the disease. ✴️